Kinematic quantum states for the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity

A space of kinematic quantum states for the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity is constructed by means of projective techniques. The states are kinematic in this sense that their construction bases merely on the structure of the phase space of the theory and does not take into account constraints on it. The space of quantum states is meant to serve as an element of a canonical quantization of the theory.Comment: 41 pages, no figures, Latex2

Quantum group connections

The Ahtekar-Isham C*-algebra known from Loop Quantum Gravity is the algebra of continuous functions on the space of (generalized) connections with a compact structure Lie group. The algebra can be constructed by some inductive techniques from the C*-algebra of continuous functions on the group and a family of graphs embedded in the manifold underlying the connections. We generalize the latter construction replacing the commutative C*-algebra of continuous functions on the group by a non-commutative C*-algebra defining a compact quantum group.Comment: 40 pages, LaTeX2e, minor mistakes corrected, abstract slightly change

Differentiated expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in ductal breast cancers.

Contents of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in cells of breast cancers represent strong predictive factors. The higher is the contents of ER and PgR in breast cancer, the higher is a probability of obtaining a response to hormonal therapy and prognosis for the patient is better. In a routine manner, all tumours of mammary gland are subjected to evaluation of ER and PgR expression using immunohistochemistry. Forty ductal breast cancers (pT2N0) were subjected to an immunohistochemical evaluation (IHC) aimed at detection of ER and PgR expression. From every tumour three samples were taken for immunohistochemical studies: the lateral one from the side of axilla (ER-1; PgR-1); the median one (ER-2; PgR-2) and the medial one from the side of sternum (ER-3; PgR-3). The levels of both ER and PgR expression proved to be highly differentiated between the medial zone of the tumour and its periphery. The distinct expression of ER and PgR in ductal breast cancers, dependent on evaluated zone of the tumour, confirms its heterogeneous character and exerts an effect on the type of applied treatment

ADM-like Hamiltonian formulation of gravity in the teleparallel geometry

We present a new Hamiltonian formulation of the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity (TEGR) meant to serve as the departure point for canonical quantization of the theory. TEGR is considered here as a theory of a cotetrad field on a spacetime. The Hamiltonian formulation is derived by means of an ADM-like 3+1 decomposition of the field and without any gauge fixing. A complete set of constraints on the phase space and their algebra are presented. The formulation is described in terms of differential forms.Comment: 43 pages, LaTeX2e; the original 73 page paper arXiv:1111.5498v1 was revised and divided into two parts. The present paper is the first part of the original one (the second part is available as arXiv:1309.4685

Background independent quantizations: the scalar field II

We are concerned with the issue of quantization of a scalar field in a diffeomorphism invariant manner. We apply the method used in Loop Quantum Gravity. It relies on the specific choice of scalar field variables referred to as the polymer variables. The quantization, in our formulation, amounts to introducing the `quantum' polymer *-star algebra and looking for positive linear functionals, called states. Assumed in our paper homeomorphism invariance allows to derive the complete class of the states. They are determined by the homeomorphism invariant states defined on the CW-complex *-algebra. The corresponding GNS representations of the polymer *-algebra and their self-adjoint extensions are derived, the equivalence classes are found and invariant subspaces characterized. In the preceding letter (the part I) we outlined those results. Here, we present the technical details.Comment: 51 pages, LaTeX, no figures, revised versio

Quantization of diffeomorphism invariant theories of connections with a non-compact structure group - an example

A simple diffeomorphism invariant theory of connections with the non-compact structure group R of real numbers is quantized. The theory is defined on a four-dimensional 'space-time' by an action resembling closely the self-dual Plebanski action for general relativity. The space of quantum states is constructed by means of projective techniques by Kijowski. Except this point the applied quantization procedure is based on Loop Quantum Gravity methods.Comment: 59 pages, no figures, LaTeX2e, this is a shortened version published in Comm. Math. Phy

Hsp-27 Expression in Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma

The aim of this study was to determine the intensity of Hsp-27 protein expression in fibrocystic breast changes (FC) and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) and to examine its impact on patients’ clinico-pathological characteristics and overall survival. Immunohistochemical reactions were conducted on archival samples of 20 cases of FC and 101 cases of IDC treated in the years 1999-2002. Nuclear-cytoplasmic Hsp-27 expression was observed in 92 (92.1%) of the examined cases of IDC and all the cases of FC. Significantly higher Hsp-27 expression was observed in G2 (p<0.01) and G3 cases (p<0.0001) as compared to FC. HER-2 positive cases had higher Hsp-27 expression (p=0.0153), than HER-2 negative cases. Our research showed that Hsp-27 could have a impact on tumour malignancy. Moreover, the positive correlation between expression of Hsp-27 and HER-2 positive cases was demonstrated